{ "description": "Properties of all 118 chemical elements. Temperatures in kelvin, density in g/cm³, single-bond covalent radius in pm, energies in eV. Mass values in square brackets are mass numbers of the most stable isotope.", "updated": "2026-10-25", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "scope": "ChemTable's compilation, corrections and texts. Values from the sources below keep their terms: credit them when you reuse the values." }, "credits": [ { "data": "Ionization energies", "source": "Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. and NIST ASD Team, NIST Atomic Spectra Database (NIST Standard Reference Database 78)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F", "terms": "NIST Standard Reference Data, © U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States" }, { "data": "Covalent radii", "source": "Cordero, B. et al., Covalent radii revisited, Dalton Transactions, 2008, 2832–2838", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/b801115j", "terms": "values cited from the article" }, { "data": "Electron affinities", "source": "Electron affinity (data page), Wikipedia, and the primary literature it cites", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)", "terms": "Wikipedia text under CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "data": "Standard atomic weights", "source": "IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)", "url": "https://www.ciaaw.org/abridged-atomic-weights.htm", "terms": "values cited from IUPAC" }, { "data": "Other properties", "source": "PubChem Periodic Table, National Library of Medicine (NIH)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/", "terms": "US government work; PubChem may include third-party material" }, { "data": "Names, discoverers, Wikipedia links", "source": "Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "terms": "CC0" } ], "sources": { "properties": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/periodictable/JSON", "atomicWeights": "https://www.ciaaw.org/abridged-atomic-weights.htm", "ionizationEnergies": "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/ionEnergy.html", "electronAffinities": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)", "covalentRadii": "https://doi.org/10.1039/b801115j", "names": "https://query.wikidata.org/sparql", "corrections": "scripts/corrections.ts" }, "elements": [ { "z": 1, "symbol": "H", "slug": "hydrogen", "name": { "en": "Hydrogen", "ru": "Водород", "fr": "Hydrogène", "de": "Wasserstoff", "it": "Idrogeno", "es": "Hidrógeno", "zh": "氢", "pt": "Hidrogênio" }, "wikidata": "Q556", "wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9nio" }, "category": "nonmetal", "period": 1, "group": 1, "block": "s", "col": 1, "row": 1, "mass": { "value": 1.008, "text": "1.0080", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "1s1", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 1 ], "state": "gas", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 2.2, "electronegativityText": "2.20", "atomicRadius": 31, "ionizationEnergy": 13.598434599702, 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"wikidata": "Q560", "wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio" }, "category": "noble-gas", "period": 1, "group": 18, "block": "s", "col": 18, "row": 1, "mass": { "value": 4.0026, "text": "4.0026", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "1s2", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2 ], "state": "gas", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": null, "electronegativityText": null, "atomicRadius": null, "ionizationEnergy": 24.587389011, "electronAffinity": "unstable", "oxidationStates": [ "0" ], "meltingPoint": 0.95, "meltsUnderPressure": true, "boilingPoint": 4.22, "sublimes": false, "density": 0.0001785, "yearDiscovered": 1868, "discoveredBy": [ { "qid": "Q127959", "name": { "en": "Norman Lockyer", "ru": "Джозеф Норман Локьер", "fr": "Joseph Norman Lockyer", "de": "Joseph Norman Lockyer", "it": "Norman Lockyer", "es": "Joseph Norman Lockyer", "zh": "约瑟夫·诺曼·洛克耶", "pt": "Norman Lockyer" } }, { "qid": "Q298581", "name": { "en": "Pierre Janssen", "ru": "Пьер Жюль Сезар Жансен", "fr": "Jules Janssen", "de": "Jules Janssen", "it": "Jules Janssen", "es": "Pierre Janssen", "zh": "皮埃尔·让森", "pt": "Pierre Janssen" } } ], "namedAfter": [ { "qid": "Q134270", "name": { "en": "Helios", "ru": "Гелиос", "fr": "Hélios", "de": "Helios", "it": "Helios", "es": "Helios", "zh": "赫利俄斯", "pt": "Helios" } } ], "url": { "en": "https://chemtable.org/helium", "ru": "https://chemtable.org/ru/helium", "fr": "https://chemtable.org/fr/helium", "de": "https://chemtable.org/de/helium", "it": "https://chemtable.org/it/helium", "es": "https://chemtable.org/es/helium", "zh": "https://chemtable.org/zh/helium", "pt": 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"Beryllium", "it": "Berillio", "es": "Berilio", "zh": "铍", "pt": "Berílio" }, "wikidata": "Q569", "wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berillio", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berilio", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%8D", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%ADlio" }, "category": "alkaline-earth-metal", "period": 2, "group": 2, "block": "s", "col": 2, "row": 2, "mass": { "value": 9.0122, "text": "9.0122", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "[He]2s2", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2, 2 ], "state": "solid", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 1.57, "electronegativityText": "1.57", "atomicRadius": 96, "ionizationEnergy": 9.322699, "electronAffinity": "unstable", "oxidationStates": [ "+2" ], 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"wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" }, "category": "metalloid", "period": 2, "group": 13, "block": "p", "col": 13, "row": 2, "mass": { "value": 10.81, "text": "10.81", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "[He]2s2 2p1", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2, 3 ], "state": "solid", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 2.04, "electronegativityText": "2.04", "atomicRadius": 84, "ionizationEnergy": 8.298019, "electronAffinity": 0.279723, "oxidationStates": [ "+3" ], "meltingPoint": 2348, "meltsUnderPressure": false, "boilingPoint": 4273, "sublimes": false, "density": 2.37, "yearDiscovered": 1808, 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"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azote", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickstoff", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3geno", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" }, "category": "nonmetal", "period": 2, "group": 15, "block": "p", "col": 15, "row": 2, "mass": { "value": 14.007, "text": "14.007", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "[He] 2s2 2p3", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2, 5 ], "state": "gas", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 3.04, "electronegativityText": "3.04", "atomicRadius": 71, "ionizationEnergy": 14.53413, "electronAffinity": "unstable", "oxidationStates": [ "+5", "+4", "+3", "+2", "+1", "-1", "-2", "-3" ], "meltingPoint": 63.15, "meltsUnderPressure": false, "boilingPoint": 77.36, "sublimes": false, "density": 0.0012506, "yearDiscovered": 1772, "discoveredBy": [ { "qid": "Q313067", "name": { "en": "Daniel Rutherford", "ru": "Даниель Рутерфорд", "fr": "Daniel Rutherford", "de": "Daniel Rutherford", "it": "Daniel Rutherford", "es": "Daniel Rutherford", "zh": "丹尼尔·卢瑟福", "pt": "Daniel Rutherford" } } ], "namedAfter": [], "url": { "en": "https://chemtable.org/nitrogen", "ru": "https://chemtable.org/ru/nitrogen", "fr": "https://chemtable.org/fr/nitrogen", "de": "https://chemtable.org/de/nitrogen", "it": "https://chemtable.org/it/nitrogen", "es": "https://chemtable.org/es/nitrogen", "zh": "https://chemtable.org/zh/nitrogen", "pt": "https://chemtable.org/pt/nitrogen" } }, { "z": 8, "symbol": "O", "slug": "oxygen", "name": { "en": "Oxygen", "ru": "Кислород", "fr": "Oxygène", "de": "Sauerstoff", "it": "Ossigeno", "es": "Oxígeno", "zh": "氧", "pt": "Oxigênio" }, "wikidata": "Q629", "wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigeno", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" }, "category": "nonmetal", "period": 2, "group": 16, "block": "p", "col": 16, "row": 2, "mass": { "value": 15.999, "text": "15.999", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "[He]2s2 2p4", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2, 6 ], "state": "gas", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 3.44, "electronegativityText": "3.44", "atomicRadius": 66, "ionizationEnergy": 13.618055, "electronAffinity": 1.46111297, "oxidationStates": [ "-2" ], "meltingPoint": 54.36, "meltsUnderPressure": false, "boilingPoint": 90.2, "sublimes": false, "density": 0.001429, "yearDiscovered": 1774, "discoveredBy": [ { "qid": "Q70538", "name": { "en": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "ru": "Карл Вильгельм Шееле", "fr": "Carl Wilhelm 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"fr": "Baryum", "de": "Barium", "it": "Bario", "es": "Bario", "zh": "钡", "pt": "Bário" }, "wikidata": "Q1112", "wikipedia": { "en": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium", "ru": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9", "fr": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryum", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bario", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bario", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A1", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rio" }, "category": "alkaline-earth-metal", "period": 6, "group": 2, "block": "s", "col": 2, "row": 6, "mass": { "value": 137.33, "text": "137.33", "source": "ciaaw" }, "config": "[Xe]6s2", "configPredicted": false, "shells": [ 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 ], "state": "solid", "statePredicted": false, "electronegativity": 0.89, "electronegativityText": "0.89", "atomicRadius": 215, "ionizationEnergy": 5.2116646, "electronAffinity": 0.14462, "oxidationStates": [ "+2" ], "meltingPoint": 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"name": { "en": "Glenn Theodore Seaborg", "ru": "Гленн Теодор Сиборг", "fr": "Glenn Seaborg", "de": "Glenn T. Seaborg", "it": "Glenn Theodore Seaborg", "es": "Glenn T. 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"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3hrio" }, "category": "transition-metal", "period": 7, "group": 7, "block": "d", "col": 7, "row": 7, "mass": { "value": 270.133, "text": "[270]", "source": "pubchem-isotope" }, "config": "[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d5", "configPredicted": true, "shells": [ 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 ], "state": "solid", "statePredicted": true, "electronegativity": null, "electronegativityText": null, "atomicRadius": null, "ionizationEnergy": null, "electronAffinity": null, "oxidationStates": [ "+7" ], "meltingPoint": null, "meltsUnderPressure": false, "boilingPoint": null, "sublimes": false, "density": null, "yearDiscovered": 1981, "discoveredBy": [ { "qid": "Q703993", "name": { "en": "GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research", "ru": "Институт тяжёлых ионов", "fr": "centre de recherche sur les ions lourds", "de": "GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung", "it": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "es": "GSI", "zh": 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"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium", "de": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium", "it": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio", "es": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasio", "zh": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86", "pt": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ssio" }, "category": "transition-metal", "period": 7, "group": 8, "block": "d", "col": 8, "row": 7, "mass": { "value": 269.1336, "text": "[269]", "source": "pubchem-isotope" }, "config": "[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d6", "configPredicted": true, "shells": [ 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 ], "state": "solid", "statePredicted": true, "electronegativity": null, "electronegativityText": null, "atomicRadius": null, "ionizationEnergy": null, "electronAffinity": null, "oxidationStates": [ "+8" ], "meltingPoint": null, "meltsUnderPressure": false, "boilingPoint": null, "sublimes": false, "density": null, "yearDiscovered": 1984, "discoveredBy": [ { "qid": "Q703993", "name": { "en": "GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research", "ru": "Институт 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